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You鈥檙e wrong. Let that sink in for a moment.

How does that statement make you feel? For many, it can trigger the deepest-seated insecurities and inadequacies that plague their psyche. Many even refuse to accept their own fallibility, a silent internal struggle so pervasive that it can create conflicts that can have devastating impacts on communities and, even more broadly, society.

鈥淎dmitting you are wrong is taboo,鈥� says Elizabeth Krumrei Mancuso ('03, MA '04), associate professor of psychology at Seaver College. 鈥淏ut there should be no shame in saying, 鈥業 was wrong鈥� or 鈥業 don鈥檛 know.鈥�"

Krumrei Mancuso is an expert in the study of intellectual humility, or, the awarenes of one鈥檚 own intellectual imperfection. She explains that Western culture promotes the difficulty that most people face with the discomfort of not knowing and that the first step is, simply, admitting it.

鈥淧art of the solution is a cultural shift to acknowledging that you don鈥檛 know or that you鈥檝e changed your mind,鈥� Krumrei Mancuso says. 鈥淚ntellectual humility is being comfortable with the fact that your ideas and memory and cognition and mental capacities are fallible. Shifting your perspective to believe that all of those things are acceptable can actually be signs of strength rather than weakness.鈥�

According to a 2019 article in the New York Times entitled 鈥淏e Humble, and Proudly, Psychologists Say鈥� in which Krumrei Mancuso's work was featured, writer Benedict Carey reports that the study of humility is still finding its legs in the field of social psychology. The Seaver professor is one of few researchers who is delving into the idiosyncrasies of humility and the implications it can have on society.

While literature on the study of related psychological and social-scientific constructs, such as wisdom and open-mindedness, has existed for a long time, it wasn鈥檛 until the early 2010s that psychologists and philosophers became interested in defining and studying the effects of intellectual humility. Krumrei Mancuso posits that the political and social atmosphere of our times likely contributed to an increasing interest in the ways people express their views as well as a desire to encourage more constructive discourse.

鈥淚f you look at discussions related to politics on social media, there is such negativity and people shutting each other down,鈥� she shares. 鈥淏ut there鈥檚 not a lot of listening. The inability to listen to one another with intention may be a sign of a lack of intellectual humility.鈥�

Earlier this year Krumrei Mancuso collaborated with Brian Newman, professor of political science at Seaver College, on a study that examined the role of intellectual humility in the sociopolitical domain. Looking at a sample of 587 adults in the US, Krumrei Mancuso and Newman investigated the awareness of the fallibility of one鈥檚 views about sociopolitical topics in relation to attitudes toward specific political groups and issues, namely immigration. As previous research has demonstrated, intellectual humility plays a role in people鈥檚 general orientations toward the sociopolitical domain, and one of the findings of this particular study suggests that sociopolitical intellectual humility may be most impactful when individuals are provided an opportunity to reflect on the fallibility of their thinking on a particular topic.

In a study conducted with Steven Rouse, a fellow Seaver College psychology professor, the two scientists developed the 22-item 色片软件免费 Intellectual Humility Scale published in the Journal of Personality Assessment that evaluates subjects鈥� responses to statements such as, 鈥淲hen someone disagrees with ideas that are important to me, it feels as though I鈥檓 being attacked,鈥� 鈥淚 am willing to change my opinions on the basis of compelling reason,鈥� and 鈥淚 respect that there are ways of making important decisions that are different from the way I make decisions.鈥� The scale measures four distinct but intercorrelated aspects of intellectual humility, including independence of intellect and ego, openness to revising one鈥檚 viewpoint, respect for others鈥� viewpoints, and lack of intellectual overconfidence鈥攁ll hallmarks of intellectual humility.

Krumrei Mancuso explains that researchers in the field of social psychology are focused on the trait of intellectual humility as an individual differences factor鈥� variations among individuals that constitute unique personal characteristics. As a clinical psychologist, Krumrei Mancuso is interested in some of the potential underpinnings of intellectual humility, such as a separation between intellect and ego鈥斺�減eople whose sense of self and self-worth is not dependent on always being correct in their thinking will likely be less defensive in their interactions with others, will be more open to learning new things, will collaborate well with others, and will be better able to discover false beliefs that they鈥檝e had and overcome prejudices.鈥�

In another study published in the Journal of Positive Psychology, Krumrei Mancuso and professors from various universities examined how intellectual humility relates to acquiring knowledge. People who are more intellectually humble, the study claimed, are actually better at finding answers to their questions.

鈥淲e found that, for the most part, intellectual humility was not related to raw intelligence鈥攈ow smart people were or their cognitive ability鈥攂ut it was associated with how much general knowledge someone possessed,鈥� she says.

The study also found that intellectual humility, at least correlationally, was associated with individuals being more likely to engage in reflective thinking, having higher levels of need for cognition, being more intellectually engaged, being more curious, being more intellectually open, being more open minded, and having a larger intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation to learn. For example, students higher in intellectual humility wanted to learn for the sake of gaining knowledge rather than to earn a good grade.

While research is just beginning to explore interventions in the development of intellectual humility, Krumrei Mancuso thinks and hopes that individuals can learn how to become more intellectually humble. She positions intellectual humility as a social attitude that she believes will change slowly as people with influence鈥攑oliticians, celebrities, and even college professors鈥攄emonstrate and model intellectually humble behaviors.

In the classroom and in various other learning environments across Pepperdine, Krumrei Mancuso herself demonstrates the importance of intellectual humility for individuals and for society, a concept that seems to resonate well with students.

鈥淚 love Pepperdine鈥檚 affirmation statement, that 鈥榯ruth, having nothing to fear from investigation should be pursued relentlessly in every discipline,鈥欌�� she says. 鈥淚 really think that鈥檚 true. When people aren鈥檛 afraid of what they鈥檙e going to discover, they鈥檙e more open to exploring. That鈥檚 what intellectual humility is all about.鈥�